What is putting pressure on ocean systems. This covers pollution, plastic accumulation, climate-driven change, and the cumulative effects of human activity on marine environments. The focus is on what the evidence shows, not what the most alarming or most reassuring account claims.
Stressors
Reef decline is gradual and self-reinforcing. Coral gives way to algae, the reef flattens, and recovery gets harder with each event. The protection and fisheries it provided never showed on a balance sheet, so the loss registers only when replacing them becomes unavoidable.
Stressors
Less than a tenth of all plastic ever made has been recycled. What is already in the ocean cannot be recovered: the particles are too small and too widespread. The response that works is making less plastic in the first place, an industrial and regulatory problem more than a conservation one.
Stressors
The ocean rose 5.9 millimetres in 2024, above the recent trend. Atlantic Canada, sinking as seas rise, could see a metre by 2100. A major Fraser flood could cost $20 to $30 billion. That exposure is being built and financed now, at conditions the assets were never designed for.
Stressors
Since the industrial era, the ocean’s surface pH has dropped from 8.2 to 8.1, a 26 percent increase in acidity. Shell-building species feel it first, and in BC it already reaches juvenile salmon through the food web. The finance built around those fisheries has not priced it in.
Ocean Physics
A few degrees of warming in the northeastern Pacific collapsed fisheries, erased kelp forests, and ran up costs in the billions. What a marine heatwave actually does to the ocean, and why finance still struggles to price it.
Stressors
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not the solid island of trash it is usually pictured as. What it actually is, and how it forms, says a lot about how materials move through the ocean.